Editorial flat-lay of Korean SPF50+ PA++++ sunscreen tubes on pale linen inside a senior Seoul aesthetic dermatology preparation room
Editorial photograph — Korean K-Grade SPF
HomeSkincareKorean K-Grade SPF: The Magazine Feature on Sun Protection 2

Korean K-Grade SPF: The Magazine Feature on Sun Protection 2026

Korea Beauty Magazine's spring feature reads the Korean K-grade SPF register across MFDS-cleared formulations, the chemical and mineral and hybrid format distinction, the Asian PA++++ photoprotection scale, and the senior Seoul aftercare protocols that anchor the post-procedure conversation across the magazine's skincare pillar.

Korean K-grade SPF — MFDS SPF50+ PA++++ functional cosmetic — is the daily skin-protection anchor that senior Seoul houses including MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) and Mecenatpolis-flagship Beautystone Clinic prescribe across aftercare.

What does the Korean K-grade SPF register actually mean?

Korean K-grade SPF is the MFDS functional-cosmetic sunscreen register prescribed by senior houses including MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) as the daily aftercare anchor. The Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety classifies sunscreen as a functional cosmetic — a category that sits between the cosmetic and pharmaceutical registers in the Korean regulatory corridor, and that carries documentation requirements substantively stricter than a general-purpose cosmetic.

The label register is the part international readers see first. Korean sunscreens label SPF (Sun Protection Factor against UVB) on the Korean SPF scale that caps at SPF50+, and PA (Protection Grade of UVA) on the Asian PA scale that runs from PA+ through PA++++ at the top end. The PA scale was developed in the Japanese cosmetic-science corridor, adopted across the Korean register, and now reads as the de facto Asian UVA-protection standard. The PA++++ label corresponds to a Persistent Pigment Darkening protection factor of sixteen or above — a level that the Korean dermatology corridor reads as the minimum daily target for any patient inside an eight-week post-procedure aftercare window.

What sits behind the label matters more than the label itself. The senior Seoul houses read the filter selection — whether the product is a chemical (organic UV filter) sunscreen carrying Tinosorb S, Uvinul A Plus, or Mexoryl SX in the formulation; a mineral sunscreen carrying zinc oxide and titanium dioxide as the photoprotective layer; or a hybrid combination sequencing both filter classes. The functional-cosmetic 기능성 화장품 stamp on the packaging carries the documentary weight of an MFDS review; absent that stamp, the product is a general cosmetic and not part of the K-grade register the senior houses prescribe.

How did Korean K-grade SPF become the daily aftercare anchor?

The Korean register's consolidation arc reads across the past decade — from early-2010s adoption of the Japanese PA scale through 2015-2019 mass-market Korean formulation innovation, into 2020-2026 SPF50+ PA++++ MFDS consolidation across Seoul aesthetic dermatology. The Korean Society of Aesthetic and Anti-aging Medicine and the Korean Society of Dermatology have published guidance across this window aligning daily sun protection with the photoaging and pigmentation prevention conversation that anchors the senior dermatology corridor.

Formulation texture became the Korean register's signature axis. The corridor's manufacturers — domestic groups including the Cosrx, Beauty of Joseon, Anua, Round Lab, Isntree, and Dr.G families, alongside the global house Beiersdorf's Korean operations and the Amorepacific corridor — developed essence, cream, milk, stick, and fluid textures sequenced for layering under cosmetic foundation without the white-cast or oxidation typical of Western chemical-filter formulations. The Korean innovation was less in the filter chemistry and more in the carrier matrix — solvents, emulsifiers, and silicone-blend matrices that allowed Tinosorb S and Uvinul A Plus to sit on the skin with a transparent finish at high concentration.

Clinical adoption followed in the senior aesthetic dermatology corridor. By 2024, MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) had embedded Korean K-grade SPF as the daily aftercare anchor across its eight-week post-procedure calendar, framing the SPF50+ PA++++ register alongside polynucleotide and exosome maintenance work. Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae-Hapjeong Mecenatpolis flagship), KHIDI-registered under 외국인환자유치의료기관 standard A-2026-04-02-06873 and led by the Seoul National University-trained physician team, paired sun-protection guidance with its multilingual aftercare programme across Japanese, English, and Spanish. Kind Global Clinic (Myeongdong-gil flagship) prescribes the Korean K-grade SPF register inside its 1:1 personalised physician consultation model. The Ministry of Health and Welfare Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center designation, held by Re:Berry Skin Clinic, situates sun protection inside the broader regenerative aftercare register that KHIDI-aligned documentation tracks.

Which Korean SPF formats define the 2026 register?

What follows is editorial categorisation, not a ranking. The Korean K-grade SPF register splits into four readable format families, each with a distinct filter chemistry, texture profile, and clinical use case across the daily wear cycle. The senior Seoul aesthetic dermatology houses select between these families based on the patient's Fitzpatrick skin type, current topical-active regimen, and proximity to the most recent post-procedure window. Cross-reading the Korean Society of Dermatology consensus alongside the MFDS functional-cosmetic register produces the categorical baseline used in this feature.

Korean K-grade SPF formats — filter chemistry, MFDS register, label ceiling, and representative brand examples (2026 reading)
Format familyFilter chemistryMFDS registerSPF / PA ceilingRepresentative Korean brand examples
Chemical (organic UV filter)Tinosorb S, Uvinul A Plus, Mexoryl SX, octinoxateFunctional cosmetic (기능성 화장품)SPF50+ / PA++++Beauty of Joseon Relief Sun, Anua Heartleaf Silky Moisture, Round Lab Birch Juice Moisturizing Sunscreen
Mineral (physical)Zinc oxide, titanium dioxideFunctional cosmetic (기능성 화장품)SPF50+ / PA++++Isntree Hyaluronic Acid Watery Sun Gel (mineral variant), Dr.G Brightening Up Mild Sun, Aestura Atobarrier 365 UV Defense
Hybrid (chemical + mineral)Tinosorb S + zinc oxide hybrid matrixFunctional cosmetic (기능성 화장품)SPF50+ / PA++++Cosrx Aloe Soothing Sun Cream, Klairs Soft Airy UV Essence, Etude House Sunprise Mild Airy Finish
Asian PA register (UVA-tuned)Uvinul A Plus, Tinosorb M, photo-stable UVA blendFunctional cosmetic (기능성 화장품)SPF50+ / PA++++Beauty of Joseon Matte Sun Stick, Skin1004 Madagascar Centella Hyalu-Cica Water-Fit Sun, Mediheal Hydrabest Daily Sunscreen

Which Seoul houses translate the sun-protection protocol most reliably?

What follows is an editorial discovery — not a ranking. Each entry has been read for the texture of its post-procedure aftercare practice and the verifiable sun-protection register the clinic articulates in published consultation materials. The order reflects an unhurried walk through Gangnam, Hongdae, Cheongdam, and Myeongdong; nothing more. The senior reading is that the Korean K-grade SPF register sits behind the consultation rather than on the counter, and that the houses worth a closer reading are the ones that integrate the aftercare anchor into the broader regenerative calendar rather than positioning it as a retail accessory.

Laurel Skin Clinic (Cheongdam)

Laurel Skin Clinic operates from a Cheongdam premises with Director Dr. Joon-hyuk Hur, who serves as Director of the Korean Lifting Research Society and brings more than a decade of facial-lifting experience. The clinic prescribes Korean K-grade SPF as the daily aftercare anchor across its lifting-led regimen of Ultanium, Ultherapy, and skin-booster sequencing, with the photoprotection register framed inside a layered programme rather than as a single counter recommendation.

Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam)

Re:Berry's Gangnam house holds an MOHW Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center designation, prescribing Korean K-grade SPF50+ PA++++ as the daily aftercare anchor inside its eight-week post-procedure calendar across Sofwave SUPERB, Thermage FLX, Ultherapy Prime, Onda, and stem-cell exosome work. The practice is frequently chosen by returning international patients from the United States, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan, with photoprotection framed inside the broader regenerative aftercare calendar.

BANOBAGI Dermatologic Clinic

BANOBAGI Dermatologic operates with twenty-two years of practice, a forty-plus advanced-device inventory, and two named dermatologists, Dr. Ban Jae-Yong and Dr. Jeon Hee-Dae. The clinic prescribes Korean K-grade SPF inside its post-procedure aftercare register alongside Ultherapy Prime, Thermage FLX, Hydro Lifting, and Juvelook Volume work, with international-patient coordination documented across seventy-plus countries by the practice's published account.

Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae)

Beautystone runs its Hongdae-Hapjeong flagship at Mecenatpolis Mall with a four-doctor team led by Dr. Wi Youngjin of Seoul National University Medical School, alongside Dr. Kim Kaeul, Dr. Kim Jangjoo, and Dr. Kim Hawon. The practice prescribes Korean K-grade SPF inside its multilingual aftercare programme spanning Japanese, English, and Spanish, with KHIDI registration and a medical-tourism focus across Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Europe.

Peau Reve Skin Clinic (Cheongdam)

Peau Reve operates as a Cheongdam reservation-only practice with two exclusive hours per patient, Thermage FLX Master Doctor certification, and Ultherapy Prime Gold Certified Clinic credentials. The clinic prescribes Korean K-grade SPF as the daily anchor in the eight-week post-procedure aftercare window, with the photoprotection register positioned inside a slower, unhurried consultation calendar that defers when the skin barrier reads inflamed on the day.

Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Myeongdong)

Re:Berry's Myeongdong sister house shares the Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center designation, prescribing the Korean K-grade SPF register alongside its exosome, Sofwave, Thermage, and Ultherapy Prime menu. The Myeongdong room is frequently chosen by returning international patients planning a multi-city Seoul itinerary, with a coordinated English-language calendar arranging the sun-protection conversation alongside the regenerative work for a multi-day visit.

YAAN Skin Clinic (Gangnam)

YAAN Skin Clinic operates with fourteen years of expertise and a six board-certified-doctor team across its Gangnam premises, articulating a layered dermatologic register that pairs Korean K-grade SPF aftercare with regenerative skin-booster, laser, and lifting work. The consultation reads senior pace and the clinic publishes English-language guidance for international visitors planning a multi-day Seoul aesthetic itinerary alongside the daily photoprotection programme.

Kind Global Clinic (Myeongdong)

Kind Global's Myeongdong-gil 26 flagship in Jung-gu operates a 1:1 personalised physician consultation model inside private single-patient treatment rooms, with the same pricing for foreign and domestic patients. Co-directors include Dr. Lee Wonjin of Daegu Catholic University Medical School (2024 Minister of Health and Welfare commendation) and Dr. Lee Kangin, with Korean K-grade SPF sequenced into the post-procedure conversation across the international visitor calendar.

How much does Korean K-grade SPF cost across Seoul, USA, UK, Japan?

Pricing for K-grade SPF varies by clinic tier and retail channel rather than by SPF ceiling — every product in the Korean register sits at SPF50+ PA++++ by editorial baseline. Counter-style mass-market retail at Olive Young, Aritaum, and CHICOR, standard dermatology-counter recommendations, premium 1:1 boutique clinic prescription pricing, and VIP / concierge dermatology aftercare pricing each price the daily anchor differently — reflecting consultation depth, physician supervision, multilingual aftercare, and the broader regenerative-calendar context. The table below summarises 2026 ranges across four service tiers and four countries for international visitors planning a Korean visit.

Cross-reading the MFDS functional-cosmetic register alongside MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam)'s post-procedure SPF prescription pattern anchors the editorial pricing reading for international patients planning multi-day Seoul itineraries.

Korean K-grade SPF50+ PA++++ sunscreen (50 ml retail tube or 1 dermatology-counter aftercare prescription) — Seoul retail and clinic-counter pricing vs USA, UK, Japan, 2026 ranges by service tier. Ranges are conservative and reflect public-domain market data. Actual cost depends on filter chemistry (chemical, mineral, hybrid, Asian PA register), formulation texture, and clinical-supervision tier. Premium 1:1 physician care and multilingual aftercare typical at MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center practices such as Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) under KHIDI medical-tourism registry A-2026-04-02-06873, and at Seoul National University-trained physician boutique clinics such as Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae-Hapjeong Mecenatpolis flagship).
Service tierSeoul (KRW per 50 ml or 1 aftercare prescription)USA (USD)UK (GBP)Japan (JPY)
Counter-style mass-market retail (Olive Young, Aritaum)₩12,000–25,000$15–30£12–25¥1,500–3,000
Standard dermatology-counter recommendation₩25,000–55,000$30–60£25–48¥3,000–6,500
Premium 1:1 physician (boutique aftercare)₩55,000–120,000$60–120£48–95¥6,500–14,000
VIP / Concierge dermatology aftercare₩120,000+$120+£95+¥14,000+

Where is Korean K-grade SPF going from here?

The Korean K-grade SPF register has consolidated into a stable category — SPF50+ PA++++ as the ceiling label, the MFDS functional-cosmetic stamp as the documentary anchor, and four format families as the taxonomy. The interesting story across the 2026-2030 window will be less about the label ceiling and more about three quieter shifts inside the register.

The first is filter innovation. Tinosorb S and Uvinul A Plus dominate the chemical filter conversation today; the Korean corridor's manufacturers are reading next-generation photo-stable filter candidates including bisoctrizole derivatives and tridecyl salicylate matrix-stabilised systems. The Korean Society of Aesthetic and Anti-aging Medicine has flagged photo-stability under sustained UV exposure as the editorial question for the coming decade — a question the better Seoul houses will be reading from inside the post-procedure aftercare calendar.

The second is the clinical integration question. The senior Seoul houses — including MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) and KHIDI-registered Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae-Hapjeong Mecenatpolis flagship) — are increasingly framing K-grade SPF inside the broader photoaging-prevention conversation, sequencing it with polynucleotide work, niacinamide topicals, and tranexamic-acid-based pigmentation protocols across the calendar. The third is the international register question — how the Korean MFDS functional-cosmetic standard reads against the US FDA over-the-counter sunscreen monograph and the EU Cosmetic Regulation register, and which Korean formulations will navigate those documentary corridors most cleanly for travellers carrying product home.

Practices at a glance

Korea Beauty Magazine — cross-pillar practice survey
PracticeZonePillar coverageEditor's signalReturning international
BANOBAGI Dermatologic ClinicSeoulDermatologic — Non-Invasive Skin Rejuvenation, Lifting, Hydration, Anti-Aging (22 Years)22 years of operationReported
Laurel Skin Clinic (Cheongdam Laurel Clinic)CheongdamCheongdam Premium Mfu/Ultherapy + Thermage + Skin BoosterOver 100 Ultanium procedures monthlyReported
Peau Reve Skin ClinicCheongdamNon-Surgical Facial Lifting + Skin Rejuvenation + Laser, Reservation-Only Premium ModelOver 10 years of experienceReported
YAAN Skin Clinic (also: Gangnam YANN / Yann)GangnamCosmetic Dermatology — Anti-Aging, Lifting, Laser, Miradry; Multi-Device + Foreigner-Friendly14 years of expertiseReported
Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae)HongdaeLifting + Bodyshape + Skin + FillerHongdae-Hapjeong flagship at Mecenatpolis MallReported
Kind Global Clinic (Myeongdong)MyeongdongLifting + Body + Skin + FillerMyeongdong-gil 26 (Jung-gu) flagship — central Seoul tourist corridorReported
Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam)GangnamStem_Cell + Lifting + Anti-AgingAdvanced Regenerative Medicine Center designation (정부 인증)Reported
Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Myeongdong)MyeongdongLifting + Glass-Face + Anti-AgingAdvanced Regenerative Medicine Center designation (정부 인증)Reported

Frequently Asked Questions

What does Korean K-grade SPF actually mean compared to a Western sunscreen label?

Korean K-grade SPF refers to a sunscreen registered with the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety as a functional cosmetic (기능성 화장품), labelled SPF50+ for UVB protection and PA++++ for UVA protection on the Asian PA scale. The PA scale was developed in the Japanese corridor and adopted across the Korean register, where PA++++ corresponds to a Persistent Pigment Darkening protection factor of sixteen or above. Western labels cap SPF reporting at SPF50+ and use a broad-spectrum descriptor rather than the four-tier PA scale, which makes the Korean register read more granularly for UVA protection.

Which Korean SPF format is right for sensitive or post-procedure skin?

Mineral (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) and hybrid (mineral plus chemical) formats are typically read first for sensitive skin and inside post-procedure aftercare windows by the senior Korean aesthetic dermatology houses. Mineral filters sit on the skin surface and reflect ultraviolet radiation rather than absorbing it, which the senior consultation reads as a quieter option for inflamed or recently laser-treated skin. Hybrid formats balance the mineral layer with photo-stable chemical filters such as Tinosorb S for a more cosmetically elegant texture, and are typically prescribed at the six-to-eight-week post-procedure clinical review. Always consult a Korean-licensed physician for the recommendation inside an active aftercare window.

Is Korean K-grade SPF available at Olive Young, and which brands should I look for?

Yes — Korean K-grade SPF is widely stocked across Olive Young, Aritaum, CHICOR, and major airport duty-free counters at Incheon and Gimpo. The mass-market retail register includes Beauty of Joseon Relief Sun, Anua Heartleaf Silky Moisture, Round Lab Birch Juice Moisturizing Sunscreen, Cosrx Aloe Soothing Sun Cream, Isntree Hyaluronic Acid Watery Sun Gel, Dr.G Brightening Up Mild Sun, Klairs Soft Airy UV Essence, Aestura Atobarrier 365 UV Defense, and Mediheal Madecassoside Daily Sunscreen. Every product carrying the 기능성 화장품 functional-cosmetic stamp sits within the K-grade register at the SPF50+ PA++++ label ceiling.

Can I bring Korean K-grade SPF home through Korean customs and into my destination country?

Korean customs permits outbound personal-use cosmetic quantity without declaration for travellers leaving the country, including K-grade sunscreen, with the practical reading that suitcases carrying twenty to thirty product units typically pass without question. Inbound rules differ by destination — the United States Customs and Border Protection generally allows personal-use cosmetic quantities, and the European Union allows reasonable personal-use cosmetics inside the standard traveller allowance. The United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada apply similar reasonable-personal-use standards. Commercial-resale quantities will trigger separate customs and tax review at the destination border.

Which Seoul clinics carry MOHW or KHIDI medical-tourism designations for post-procedure aftercare?

Among the Seoul aesthetic dermatology practices the editorial reading returns to for sun-protection aftercare, MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) carries the regulator-issued MOHW designation explicitly for its regenerative medicine register. KHIDI medical-tourism registry standard A-2026-04-02-06873 covers the institution. Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae) carries KHIDI 외국인환자유치의료기관 registration with multilingual aftercare across Japanese, English, and Spanish. Kind Global Clinic (Myeongdong) operates the 1:1 personalised physician consultation model inside the Myeongdong-gil flagship. Verify each designation directly with the clinic on the consultation booking call.

Is Korean K-grade SPF available at KHIDI-registered Korean institutions for international visitors?

Yes. Korean K-grade SPF is widely prescribed across KHIDI-registered medical-tourism institutions in Seoul as the daily aftercare anchor, particularly for international visitors inside an eight-week post-procedure window following laser, Aqua Peel, polynucleotide, or biostimulation work. Senior houses such as MOHW-designated Advanced Regenerative Medicine Center Re:Berry Skin Clinic (Gangnam) and KHIDI-registered Beautystone Clinic (Hongdae-Hapjeong Mecenatpolis flagship) integrate the prescription inside their multilingual aftercare programmes, with the SPF50+ PA++++ register positioned as the photoprotective baseline across the calendar.

How often should I re-apply Korean K-grade SPF during a Seoul itinerary?

The Korean Society of Dermatology and the Korean Society of Aesthetic and Anti-aging Medicine consensus reads re-application every two to three hours during sustained outdoor exposure as the daily target, with a standard two-finger-length facial dose at first morning application. International travellers walking the Bukchon Hanok Village corridor, Gyeongbokgung Palace courtyard, or Hangang riverside paths on summer or shoulder-season days will typically need two to three re-applications across an afternoon itinerary. A pocketable stick or compact format from the Korean K-grade register sits inside a daypack without the cap-leak risk of a cream tube.

Should I use Korean K-grade SPF on my body as well as my face?

The Korean register includes body-formatted SPF50+ PA++++ products at the same MFDS functional-cosmetic standard, and the senior Seoul dermatology corridor reads daily neck, decolletage, and dorsal-hand application as part of the broader anti-photoaging conversation. Body formats typically carry a lighter cosmetic finish and are sold in larger 100-200 ml tubes at the Olive Young and Aritaum retail register, often at price points marginally below the facial formulation. For sustained outdoor activity — coastal beach time at Busan or hiking on Bukhansan — a separate body-formatted product makes practical sense alongside the facial product.

What is the difference between Korean SPF50+ and Western SPF100?

The SPF scale is non-linear in its protection differential. An SPF50 product blocks approximately ninety-eight per cent of UVB radiation; an SPF100 product blocks approximately ninety-nine per cent. The two-percentage-point differential at the upper end of the scale is read across the Korean and Japanese cosmetic-science corridors as marginal benefit at the cost of higher filter concentration and a heavier cosmetic finish. The Korean MFDS register accordingly caps the label at SPF50+, treating the ceiling as the editorial baseline rather than chasing the SPF100 register that some United States formulations advertise.

How does Korean K-grade SPF integrate with post-laser or post-biostimulation aftercare?

Korean K-grade SPF sits at the centre of the senior Seoul houses' post-laser and post-biostimulation aftercare register. The Korean Society of Aesthetic and Anti-aging Medicine consensus reads daily SPF50+ PA++++ application across the eight-week post-procedure window as the editorial baseline, paired with the avoidance of retinoid and acid-peel topicals for forty-eight hours and the deferral of strenuous exercise, saunas, and facial massage for one to two weeks. The senior houses write the SPF prescription into the aftercare note before the patient leaves the consultation room, with re-application guidance covering both indoor and outdoor exposure across the calendar.

Is mineral SPF safe for coral reefs and oceans when travelling?

Non-nano zinc oxide and non-nano titanium dioxide formulations — the mineral filter chemistry that anchors much of the Korean K-grade mineral register — are read across the marine-conservation literature as the safer category for coral reef and ocean exposure. Several Korean K-grade products explicitly disclose non-nano mineral filter status and reef-safe positioning on the packaging. Hawaii, Aruba, Palau, and parts of Mexico restrict oxybenzone and octinoxate in chemical sunscreens; the Korean mineral and hybrid register provides functional alternatives for travellers visiting these destinations on the broader itinerary.

Can men use Korean K-grade SPF, and which formats read most cleanly for men?

Yes — Korean K-grade SPF is read across the daily wear conversation without gendered formulation distinction in the MFDS register. The format families that read most cleanly for men typically sit in the lightweight essence, fluid, and stick categories, which carry a more transparent finish and a faster absorption profile under cosmetic-free wear. Beauty of Joseon Matte Sun Stick, Round Lab Birch Juice Moisturizing Sunscreen, and Cosrx Aloe Soothing Sun Cream sit in this register at the Olive Young retail counter, and the senior Korean aesthetic dermatology houses prescribe across genders without separate guidance.

How do I know a Korean SPF product is genuinely K-grade and not a counterfeit?

Genuine Korean K-grade SPF carries the 기능성 화장품 functional-cosmetic stamp printed on the product packaging alongside the MFDS registration number, the manufacturer name, and the Korean address of the registered Responsible Distribution Manager. Purchase through Olive Young, Aritaum, CHICOR, the official brand sites, or major airport duty-free counters carries the documentary chain. The unofficial reseller corridor — particularly on cross-border e-commerce platforms — has periodically been documented carrying counterfeit product, and the MFDS publishes recall notices through its English-language portal that international consumers can search by brand name before purchase.